Class 10th Maths - Chapter 1: Real Numbers (Complete Notes & Quiz)

Chapter 1: Real Numbers (वास्तविक संख्याएं) - Introduction

In this chapter, we explore the properties of real numbers, focusing on the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic and Irrational numbers.

इस अध्याय में, हम वास्तविक संख्याओं के गुणों का अध्ययन करेंगे, मुख्य रूप से अंकगणित की आधारभूत प्रमेय और अपरिमेय संख्याओं पर ध्यान केंद्रित करेंगे।

Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic (अंकगणित की आधारभूत प्रमेय)

Every composite number can be expressed (factorised) as a product of primes, and this factorisation is unique apart from the order of prime factors.

प्रत्येक भाज्य संख्या को अभाज्य संख्याओं के एक गुणनफल के रूप में व्यक्त किया जा सकता है, और यह गुणनखंडन अद्वितीय होता है।

Formula: HCF(a, b) × LCM(a, b) = a × b

Exercise 1.1 (Prime Factorization, HCF & LCM)

👉 Exercise 1.1 Examples

Example 1: Consider the numbers 4n, where n is a natural number. Check whether there is any value of n for which 4n ends with the digit zero.

उदाहरण 1: संख्याओं 4n पर विचार कीजिए, जहाँ n एक प्राकृतिक संख्या है। जाँच कीजिए कि क्या n का कोई ऐसा मान है जिसके लिए 4n अंक शून्य पर समाप्त होता है।

Solution / हल: For a number to end with 0, its prime factors must contain both 2 and 5.
4n = (2 × 2)n = 22n.
Since 5 is not a prime factor of 4n, it can never end with the digit zero.

Example 2: Find the LCM and HCF of 6 and 20 by the prime factorisation method.

उदाहरण 2: अभाज्य गुणनखंडन विधि द्वारा 6 और 20 का LCM और HCF ज्ञात कीजिए।

Solution / हल:
6 = 2 × 3
20 = 2 × 2 × 5 = 22 × 5
HCF(6, 20) = 2 (Lowest power of common factor)
LCM(6, 20) = 22 × 3 × 5 = 60 (Highest power of all factors)

Example 3: Find the HCF of 96 and 404 by the prime factorisation method. Hence, find their LCM.

उदाहरण 3: अभाज्य गुणनखंडन विधि द्वारा 96 और 404 का HCF ज्ञात कीजिए और फिर इनका LCM ज्ञात कीजिए।

Solution / हल:
96 = 25 × 3
404 = 22 × 101
HCF(96, 404) = 22 = 4
Using Formula: LCM = (96 × 404) / HCF = (96 × 404) / 4 = 9696.

👉 Exercise 1.1 Questions with Solutions

Q1. Express each number as a product of its prime factors:
(i) 140    (ii) 156    (iii) 3825

प्रश्न 1. निम्नलिखित संख्याओं को अभाज्य गुणनखंडों के गुणनफल के रूप में व्यक्त कीजिए:
(i) 140    (ii) 156    (iii) 3825

Solution / हल:
(i) 140 = 2 × 2 × 5 × 7 = 22 × 5 × 7
(ii) 156 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 13 = 22 × 3 × 13
(iii) 3825 = 3 × 3 × 5 × 5 × 17 = 32 × 52 × 17

Q2. Find the HCF and LCM of 510 and 92 and verify that HCF × LCM = product of the two numbers.

प्रश्न 2. 510 और 92 का HCF और LCM ज्ञात कीजिए और जाँच कीजिए कि HCF × LCM = दोनों संख्याओं का गुणनफल है।

Solution / हल:
510 = 2 × 3 × 5 × 17
92 = 2 × 2 × 23 = 22 × 23
HCF = 2
LCM = 22 × 3 × 5 × 17 × 23 = 23460
Verification: HCF × LCM = 2 × 23460 = 46920.
Product of numbers = 510 × 92 = 46920. (Hence Verified!)

Q3. Given that HCF(306, 657) = 9, find LCM(306, 657).

प्रश्न 3. HCF(306, 657) = 9 दिया है। LCM(306, 657) ज्ञात कीजिए।

Solution / हल:
LCM = (Product of two numbers) / HCF
LCM = (306 × 657) / 9 = 34 × 657 = 22338.
Answer: 22338

Exercise 1.2 (Irrational Numbers Proof)

👉 Exercise 1.2 Examples

Example 4: Prove that √2 is irrational.

उदाहरण 4: सिद्ध कीजिए कि √2 एक अपरिमेय संख्या है।

Solution / हल: Let √2 = a/b (where a, b are co-prime integers).
Squaring both sides: 2 = a2/b2 ⇒ a2 = 2b2. So, 2 divides a.
Let a = 2c, then 4c2 = 2b2 ⇒ b2 = 2c2. So, 2 divides b.
Since 2 divides both a and b, they are not co-prime. This contradicts our assumption. Hence, √2 is irrational.

Example 5: Show that 7√5 is irrational.

उदाहरण 5: दर्शाइए कि 7√5 एक अपरिमेय संख्या है।

Solution / हल: Let 7√5 = a/b (Rational).
Rearranging the terms: √5 = a / (7b).
Since a, b and 7 are integers, a/(7b) is rational, which means √5 is rational. But this contradicts the fact that √5 is irrational. Hence, 7√5 is irrational.

👉 Exercise 1.2 Questions with Solutions

Q1. Prove that √5 is irrational.

प्रश्न 1. सिद्ध कीजिए कि √5 एक अपरिमेय संख्या है।

Solution / हल: Let √5 = a/b (co-prime integers). Squaring both sides: 5 = a2/b2 ⇒ a2 = 5b2. This means 5 divides a.
Let a = 5c, then 25c2 = 5b2 ⇒ b2 = 5c2. This means 5 divides b. Since 5 divides both a and b, they are not co-prime. Our assumption was wrong. Hence, √5 is irrational.

Q2. Prove that 3 + 2√5 is irrational.

प्रश्न 2. सिद्ध कीजिए कि 3 + 2√5 एक अपरिमेय संख्या है।

Solution / हल: Let 3 + 2√5 = a/b (Rational).
2√5 = (a/b) - 3 ⇒ 2√5 = (a - 3b)/b ⇒ √5 = (a - 3b) / 2b.
Since a and b are integers, (a - 3b)/2b is rational, so √5 must be rational. But √5 is irrational. This contradiction shows that 3 + 2√5 is irrational.

Exercise 1.3 (Advanced Word Problems & Rational Concepts)

👉 Exercise 1.3 Examples & Core Questions

Q1. Explain why 7 × 11 × 13 + 13 and 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 + 5 are composite numbers.

प्रश्न 1. व्याख्या कीजिए कि 7 × 11 × 13 + 13 और 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 + 5 भाज्य संख्याएं क्यों हैं।

Solution / हल:
For expression 1: 7 × 11 × 13 + 13 = 13 × (7 × 11 + 1) = 13 × (77 + 1) = 13 × 78.
Since it has factors other than 1 and itself, it is a composite number.
For expression 2: 5 × (7 × 6 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 + 1) = 5 × (1008 + 1) = 5 × 1009. This is also composite because it has more than two factors.

Q2. There is a circular path around a sports field. Sonia takes 18 minutes to drive one round of the field, while Ravi takes 12 minutes for the same. Suppose they both start at the same point and go in the same direction. After how many minutes will they meet again at the starting point?

प्रश्न 2. किसी खेल के मैदान के चारों ओर एक वृत्ताकार पथ है। इस मैदान का एक चक्कर लगाने में सोनिया को 18 मिनट लगते हैं, जबकि इसी मैदान का एक चक्कर लगाने में रवि को 12 मिनट लगते हैं। मान लीजिए वे दोनों एक ही स्थान और एक ही समय पर चलना प्रारंभ करके, एक ही दिशा में चलते हैं। कितने समय बाद वे पुनः प्रारंभिक स्थान पर मिलेंगे?

Solution / हल: To find the time when they meet again, we need to find the LCM of 18 and 12.
18 = 2 × 3 × 3 = 2 × 32
12 = 2 × 2 × 3 = 22 × 3
LCM(18, 12) = 22 × 32 = 4 × 9 = 36.
Answer: They will meet again after 36 minutes.

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🏹 Chapter 1: Real Numbers - Board Exam Pattern Practice Quiz

This quiz contains 10 important board exam questions carrying 1, 2, 3, and 4 Marks. Solve them carefully on paper first!

इस क्विज में 1, 2, 3 और 4 अंकों के 10 महत्वपूर्ण बोर्ड परीक्षा के प्रश्न शामिल हैं। पहले इन्हें कॉपी पर ध्यान से हल करें!